Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor;
King of the Romans;
King of Italy
Reign 28 June 1519 – 27 August 1556[1]
Coronation 26 October 1520, Aachen (German royal)
22 February 1530, Bologna (Italian royal)
24 February 1530, Bologna (imperial)
Predecessor Maximilian I
Successor Ferdinand I
King of Spain
with Joanna to 1555
Reign 23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556
Predecessor Joanna of Castile
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Successor Philip II
Duke of Burgundy, Lord of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy
Reign 25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555[2]
Predecessor Philip the Handsome
Successor Philip II of Spain
Spouse Isabella of Portugal
Issue
Philip II, King of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joan, Princess of Portugal
John of Austria (illegitimate)
Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma (illegitimate)
House House of Habsburg
Father Philip I of Castile
Mother Joanna of Castile
Born 24 February 1500
Ghent, Flanders
Died 21 September 1558
Yuste, Spain
Burial El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain

Charles V (Spanish: Carlos I, Carlos V or "Carlos I de España y V de Alemania", German: Karl V., Dutch: Karel V, French: Charles Quint, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Carlos I of Spain, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his abdication in 1556.

As the heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties — the House of Habsburg of the Habsburg Monarchy; the House of Valois-Burgundy of the Duchy of Burgundy; and the House of Trastámara of Crown of Castile-León & Aragon — he ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean, Asia, and the Philippines.

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor married his son Philip the Handsome to Queen Joanna of Castile-León (who also later became heiress to the Kingdom of Aragon), thus initiating the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. In addition to this, Maximilian was married to Duchess Mary of Burgundy, allowing Philip to also inherit the Duchy of Burgundy (which included the Low Countries) when Mary died in 1482. Charles was the eldest son of Philip and Joanna. When Philip died in 1506, Charles inherited Burgundy and Castile-León, and then inherited Aragon jure matris upon the death of his maternal grandfather Ferdinand II in 1516. As Charles was the first person to rule Castile-León and Aragon simultaneously in his own right, he became the first de jure King of Spain (Charles co-reigned with his mother Joanna, which was however a technicality given her mental instability).[3] Maximilian outlived Philip, and thus passed the entire Habsburg Monarchy and the imperial throne to Charles when he died in 1519. At that time, his realm, which has been described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the Americas.[4]

Much of Charles' reign was devoted to the Italian Wars against the French kings Francis I and Henry II, which although enormously expensive, were militarily successful due to the undefeated Spanish tercio and the efforts of his prime ministers Mercurino Gattinara and Francisco de los Cobos y Molina. Charles' forces re-captured both Milan and Franche-Comté from France after the decisive Habsburg victory at the Battle of Pavia in 1525,[5] which pushed Francis to form the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Charles' rival Suleiman the Magnificent conquered Hungary in 1526 after defeating the Christians at the Battle of Mohács. However, the Ottoman advance was halted after they failed to capture Vienna in 1529.

Aside from this, Charles is best known for his role in opposing the Protestant Reformation.[6] In addition to the German Peasants' War against the Empire, several German princes abandoned the Catholic Church and formed the Schmalkaldic League in order to challenge Charles' authority with military force. Unwilling to allow the same religious wars to come to his other domains, Charles pushed for the convocation of the Council of Trent, which began the Counter-Reformation. The Society of Jesus was established by St. Ignacio de Loyola during Charles' reign in order to peacefully and intellectually combat Protestantism, and continental Spain was spared from religious conflict largely by Charles' nonviolent measures.[7] In Germany, although the Protestants were personally defeated by Charles at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547, he legalized Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire with the Peace of Augsburg. Charles also maintained his alliance with Henry VIII of England, despite the latter splitting the Church of England from Rome and violently persecuting Catholics.

In the New World, Charles oversaw the Spanish colonization of the Americas, including the conquest of both the Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire. The rapid Christianization of New Spain was attributed to the miracle of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Uncomfortable with how his viceroys were governing the Americas vis-à-vis the Native Americans, Charles consulted figures such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de las Casas on the morality of colonization. He also provided five ships to Ferdinand Magellan and his navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano, after the Portuguese captain was repeatedly turned down by Manuel I of Portugal. The commercial success of the Magellan's voyage (the first circumnavigation of the Earth) temporarily enriched Charles by the sale of its cargo of cloves and laid the foundation for the Pacific oceanic empire of Spain, and along with Ruy López de Villalobos, began Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

Though always at war, Charles was essentially a lover of peace, and all his wars were virtually defensive. "Not greedy of territory," wrote Marcantonio Contarini in 1536, "but most greedy of peace and quiet."[8] Charles retired in 1556. The Habsburg Monarchy passed to Charles' younger brother Ferdinand, whereas the Spanish Empire was inherited by his son Philip II. The two empires would remain allies until the 18th century.

Contents

Heritage and early life

Charles and his sister with their Castilian mother, Joanna I. It was through her that Charles gained the powerful country of Spain and all of its rich possessions.

Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. The culture and courtly life of the Burgundian Low Countries were an important influence in his early life. He was tutored by William de Croÿ (who would later become his first prime minister), and also by Adrian of Utrecht (later Pope Adrian VI). Charles spoke five languages: French, German/Dutch, later adding an acceptable Spanish (which was required by the Castilian Cortes Generales as a condition for becoming King of Castile), as well as some Italian. In reference to the political circumstances of the era, it is alleged that Charles quipped: "I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."[9]

From his Burgundian ancestors, he inherited an ambiguous relationship with the Kings of France. Charles shared with France his mother tongue and many cultural forms. In his youth, he made frequent visits to Paris, then the largest city of Western Europe. In his words: "Paris is not a city, but a universe" (Lutetia non urbs, sed orbis). But Charles also inherited the tradition of political and dynastic enmity between the Royal and the Burgundian Ducal lines of the Valois Dynasty.

Though Spain was the core of his possessions, he was never totally assimilated and especially in his earlier years felt as if he were viewed as a foreign prince. He could not speak Spanish very well, as it was not his primary language. Nonetheless, he spent most of his life in Spain, including his final years in a Spanish monastery. Nevertheless, Charles' motto, Plus Ultra ('Further Beyond'), became the national motto of Spain.

Marriage and children

Plus Oultre, Charles' personal motto on the gable of a Flemish house in Ghent, Charles V's birthplace.

On 10 March 1526, Charles married his first cousin Isabella of Portugal, sister of John III of Portugal, in Seville.

Their children included:

Isabella often administrated Spain while Charles was in other lands. Due to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of Portugal through his mother Isabella, Philip was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after Sebastian of Portugal was killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578, thus establishing the Iberian Union.

Charles also had several mistresses. Two of them gave birth to two future Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands:

Reign

Burgundy and the Low Countries

Habsburg possessions in 1547. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Bohemia are ruled by Charles' brother, Ferdinand.

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories, most notably the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, most of which were fiefs of the German empire, except his birthplace of Flanders that was still a French fief, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the Hundred Years' War. As he was a minor, his aunt Margaret acted as regent until 1515 and soon she found herself at war with France over the question of Charles' requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.

From 1515 to 1523, Charles' government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of Frisian peasants (led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama). The rebels were initially successful but after series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and decapitated in 1523.

Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of Tournai, Artois, Utrecht, Groningen and Guelders. The Seventeen Provinces had been unified by Charles' Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In 1549, Charles issued a Pragmatic Sanction, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.[10]

The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles V personally they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they also represented an important income for the treasury.

Spain

The Palace of Charles V in Granada, Spain.

In the Castilian Cortes of Valladolid of 1506, and of Madrid of 1510 he was sworn as prince of Asturias, heir of his mother the queen Joanna.[11]. On the other hand, in 1502, the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Saragossa, pledged an oath to his mother Joanna as heiress, but the Archbishop of Saragossa expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, without modifying the right of the succession, but by virtue of a formal agreement between the Cortes and the King.[12][13] So, with the death of his grandfather, the king of Aragon Ferdinand II on 23 January 1516, his mother Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, which consisted of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia; while Charles became Governor General.[14] Nevertheless, the Flemings wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his grandfather the emperor Maximilian I and the Pope Leo X, this way, after the celebration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, he was proclaimed as king of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian regent Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and he imposed his statement along the kingdom. Thus, the cities were recognizing Charles as king jointly with his mother.[15]

Posthumous Portrait of Charles V on Horseback by Anthony van Dyck.

Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. His regent Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him, but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and died before meeting the King.[16]

Due to the irregularity of assuming the royal title, when his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian Cortes in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult,[17] and in the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak Castilian; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the kingdom of Aragon. He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese Cortes and Catalan Cortes also,[18] and finally he was recognized as king of Aragon jointly with his mother.[19]

Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish monarchs until then had been bound by the laws; the monarchy was a contract with the people. With Charles it would become more absolute, even though until his mother's death in 1555 Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.

Soon resistance against the Emperor rose because of the heavy taxation (the money was used to fight wars abroad, most of which Castilians had no interest in) and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Spain and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the Revolt of the Comuneros, which was suppressed by Charles. After this, Castile became integrated into the Habsburg empire, and provided the bulk of the empire's military and financial resources. The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles' reign resulted in Spain declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II.[20]

Italy

The Crown of Aragon inherited by Charles included the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Aragon also previously controlled the Duchy of Milan, but a year before Charles ascended to the throne, it was annexed by France after the Battle of Marignano in 1515. Charles succeeded in re-capturing Milan in 1525 following the Battle of Pavia. Spain successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the Italian Wars. In addition to this, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean Sea was consistently disrupted by the Ottoman Empire. A Holy League, which consisted of all the Italian states and Spain, was formed in 1538 to drive the Ottomans back, but was defeated at the Battle of Preveza. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after Charles' death, at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

America

During Charles' reign, the territories in New Spain were considerably extended by conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who caused the Aztec and Inca empires to fall in little more than a decade. Combined with the Magellan expedition's circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of Christendom that still perceived a significant threat from Islam. The conquests also helped solidify Charles' rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of bullion. As the conquistador Bernal Diaz observed: "We came to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire that wealth which most men covet."[21] In 1550, Charles convened a conference at Valladolid in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the New World, which included figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas.

Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as 1520.[22]

Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V Arms-imperial.svg
Coats of arms
Silver 4 real coin of Charles V, struck ca. 1542-1555
Obverse: CAROLVS ET IOHANA, REGES (Charles and Johanna, Monarchs). Depicts the crest of Castile and León. The strike date was determined by the Assayer L. Reverse: HISPANIARVM ET INDIARVM (Of the Spains [Spanish kingdoms] and the Indies." Nawlins Depicts the Strait of Gibraltar between the Pillars of Hercules. Center Latin motto is PLVS VLTRA, or "Further Beyond."

After the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, he inherited the Habsburg Monarchy. He was also the natural candidate of the electors to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. With the help of the wealthy Fugger family, Charles was elected Emperor through a combination of threats and bribes to the electors. He defeated the candidacies of Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, Francis I of France, and Henry VIII of England. The unanimous decision of the electors gave Charles the crown on 28 June 1519. In 1530, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation. [23]

Despite holding the imperial throne, Charles' real authority was limited by the German princes. Protestantism gained a strong foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An inquisition was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the Duke of Alva, personally suppressed the Revolt of Ghent in mid-February 1540.[10]

Charles abdicated as Emperor in 1556 in favor of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of Emperor.

France

Western Europe in 1525, after the Battle of Pavia. Territories in yellow are ruled by Charles. Territories within the red boundary are of the Holy Roman Empire, which Charles had partial control over.

Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire and still maintained ambitions in Italy. The first war with Charles's great nemesis Francis I of France began in 1521. Charles allied with England and Pope Leo X against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. To gain his freedom, the French king was forced to cede Burgundy to Charles in Treaty of Madrid (1526).

When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the League of Cognac that the Pope had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's sack of Rome (1527) and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented him from annulling the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, with important consequences. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the Treaty of Cambrai (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.

A third war erupted in 1535, when, following the death of the last Sforza Duke of Milan, Charles installed his own son, Philip, in the duchy, despite Francis's claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally the Duke of Savoy, including his capital, Turin. A truce at Nice in 1538 on the basis of uti possidetis ended the war, but lasted only a short time. War resumed in 1542, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet, the French remained unable to advance into Juarez, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the status quo ante in 1544.

Inner court of the Charles V Palace in Granada (Spain).

A final war erupted with Francis' son and successor, Henry II, in 1551. This war saw early successes by Henry in Lorraine, where he captured Metz, but continued failure of French offensives in Italy. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, Philip II and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire

Attempts at forming a Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire were first initiated by Charles V and Shah Ismail in 1516-19.

Charles fought continually with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent. The expeditions of the Ottoman force along the Mediterranean coast posed a threat to Habsburg lands and monopolies on trade in the Mediterranean. In Central Europe, the Turkish advance was halted at Vienna in 1529.

Charles V made overtures to the Safavid Empire to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a Habsburg-Persian alliance. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect however, the Safavids entered in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555), forcing it to split its military resources.[24]

In 1535 Charles won an important victory at Tunis, but in 1536 Francis I of France allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a Franco-Ottoman alliance. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the Truce of Crepy-en-Laonnois. Charles later signed a humiliating treaty with the Ottomans to gain him some respite from the huge expenses of their war, although it did not end there. However, the Protestant powers in the Holy Roman Empire Diet often voted against money for his Turkish wars, as many Protestants saw the Muslim advance as a counterweight to the Catholic powers. The great Hungarian defeat at the 1526 Battle of Mohács "sent a wave of terror over Europe."[25][26]

Titian, Equestrian Portrait of Charles V (1548)

Protestant Reformation

As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. Initially dismissing Luther's theses as "an argument between monks," he later outlawed Luther and his followers in that same year but was tied up with other concerns and unable to take action against Protestantism.

1524 to 1526 saw the Peasants' Revolt in Germany and in 1531 the formation of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League. Charles delegated increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother Ferdinand while he concentrated on problems elsewhere.

In 1545, the opening of the Council of Trent began the Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1546, he outlawed the Schmalkaldic League (which had occupied the territory of another prince). He drove the League's troops out of southern Germany and at the Battle of Mühlberg defeated John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and imprisoned Philip of Hesse in 1547. At the Augsburg Interim in 1548 he created an interim solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, Protestants mostly resented the Interim and some actively opposed it. Protestant princes, in alliance with Henry II of France, rebelled against Charles in 1552, which caused Charles to retreat to the Netherlands.

Health

Medal of Charles Quint, in which his jaw deformity clearly appears.

Charles suffered from an enlarged lower jaw, a deformity which got considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term Habsburg jaw. This deformity was caused by the family line's multiple years of inbreeding, which was very common in royal families of that era and was practiced in order to maintain dynastic control of territory. He struggled to chew his food properly and consequently experienced bad indigestion for much of his life. As a result, he usually ate alone.[27] He suffered from epilepsy[28] and was seriously afflicted with gout. This was presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.[29] As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of St. Yuste in a sedan chair. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.[27]

Abdication and later life

On 25 October 1555, Charles abdicated his various titles, giving his Spanish Empire (continental Spain, the Netherlands, Naples-Sicily, Lombardy and Spain's possessions in the Americas) to his son, Philip. His brother Ferdinand, already in possession of the dynastic Habsburg lands, succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor. Charles retired to the monastery of Yuste in Extremadura, but continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire. He suffered from severe gout and some scholars think Charles decided to abdicate after a gout attack in 1552 forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz, where he was later defeated. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe symbolizes his reign and his lack of time.[30]

Charles died on 21 September 1558 from fatal malaria.[31] Twenty-six years later, his remains were transferred to the Royal Pantheon of The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.

Titles

The full Charles' titulature went as follows:

Charles, by the grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Italy, King of all Spains, of Castile, Aragon, León, Navarra, Grenada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Sevilla, Cordova, Murcia, Jaen, Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, King of Two Sicilies, of Sardinia, Corsica, King of Jerusalem, King of the Western and Eastern Indies, Lord of the Islands and Main Ocean Sea, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Limburg, Luxembourg, Gelderland, Athens, Neopatria, Württemberg, Landgrave of Alsace, Prince of Swabia, Asturia and Catalonia, Count of Flanders, Habsburg, Tyrol, Gorizia, Barcelona, Artois, Burgundy Palatine, Hainaut, Holland, Seeland, Ferrette, Kyburg, Namur, Roussillon, Cerdagne, Zutphen, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Oristano and Gociano, Lord of Frisia, the Wendish March, Pordenone, Biscay, Molin, Salins, Tripoli and Mechelen.

Arms

References in literature and popular culture

Eschutcheon of Charles V, watercolor, John Singer Sargent, 1912. Metropolitan Museum of Art

There are few figures about whom as many traces have survived half a millennium, in both literature and living minds. Those traces comprise a large number of legends and folk tales that can often be attributed to fantasy, as well as the literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles' life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication.[33]

Ancestors

Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. Ernest, Duke of Austria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17. Cymburgis of Masovia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. Edward of Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. Eleanor of Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19. Leonor of Aragon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Philip I of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. Philip, Duke of Burgundy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10. Charles, Duke of Burgundy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21. Isabella of Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22. Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. Isabella of Bourbon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. Agnes of Burgundy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. Ferdinand I of Aragon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. John II of Aragon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25. Eleanor of Alburquerque
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26. Frederick Enríquez, Count of Melgar
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. Juana Enriquez
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27. Merina de Cordova
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Joanna I of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28. Henry III of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14. John II of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29. Katherine of Lancaster
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Isabella I of Castile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30. Infante João, Lord of Reguengos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. Isabella of Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31. Isabella of Braganza
 
 
 
 
 
 

Notes

  1. ↑ Date of Charles's abdication; on 24 February 1558, the college of electors assembled at Frankfort accepted the instrument of Charles V's imperial resignation and declared the election of Ferdinand as emperor [1][2]
  2. ↑ Abdication of Brussels
  3. ↑ William S. Maltby, Charles V. History 1450-1789.
  4. ↑ Maximilian I, Luminarium.org. Excerpted from Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XVII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 923.
  5. ↑ Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, 60, 68; Guicciardini, History of Italy, 363–364; Oman, Art of War, 211.
  6. ↑ Dennis Bratcher (ed.). The Edict of Worms (1521).
  7. ↑ Henry Kamen, "Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition." The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring, 1988), pp. 3-23.
  8. ↑ Charles V, Luminarium.org. Excerpted from Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 141.
  9. ↑ Quotes By: Charles V. Answers.com.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict (3rd ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-78464-6. http://www.pearsoned.co.uk. 
  11. ↑ Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIII
  12. ↑ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)], page 137
  13. ↑ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505-1506); José María de Francisco Olmos, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 299
  14. ↑ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos, page 138
  15. ↑ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos, pp. 139-140
  16. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 edition.
  17. ↑ Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV]
  18. ↑ Historia general de España; Modesto Lafuente (1861), pp. 51-52.
  19. ↑ Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866), page 64
  20. ↑ Elliot, J.H. Imperial Spain 1469-1716. Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208.
  21. ↑ Prescott, William Hickling what are you taking about (1873). History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes (3rd ed.). Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html. 
  22. ↑ Haskin, Frederic (1913). The Panama Canal. Doubleday, Page & Company. 
  23. ↑ Maltby, William, The Reign of Charles V,St. Martin's Press, 2002
  24. ↑ "A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in The Indian Ocean in world history? Milo Kearney - 2004 - p.112
  25. ↑ Quoted from: Bryan W. Ball. A Great Expectation. Brill Publishers, 1975. ISBN 90-04-04315-2. Page 142.
  26. ↑ Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494-1566
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Dr. Martyn Rady, University of London, lecture 2000.
  28. ↑ German Epilepsy Museum Kork
  29. ↑ "Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.
  30. ↑ Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta and others (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (5): 516–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMon060780. PMID 16885558. 
  31. ↑ de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V". Parassitologia 49 (1-2): 107–109. PMID 18412053. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 [3]
  33. ↑ Heymans, Frans (last update 4 June 2007). "Keizer Karel in de literatuur" (in Dutch). Overzichten. Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724. Retrieved 20 July 2007. 
  34. ↑ "Charles V (describing the tale of the "pot van Olen")". Global Beer Network, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A.. http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History&Beer/CharlesV.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007. 
    * "Wisselbieren (section 'Anker Bok')". Kafee 't BuitenBeentje, Tilburg, The Netherlands. http://homepage.mac.com/albert_smits/Kafee_t_buitenbeentje/page1/files/category-wisselbieren.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007. "Keizer Karel, die te Mechelen opgevoed werd door zijn tante Margaretha van Oostenrijk, was vol waardering voor het Mechelse gerstenat. Toen hij na zijn troonsafstand in Spanje woonde, liet hij nog regelmatig Mechels bier naar Spanje vervoeren omdat "het bloed van de druiventros hem minder goed bekwam dan de dochter van de korenaar". (Emperor Charles, who was raised at Mechelen by his aunt Margarete of Austria, fully praised the Mechlinian barley-bree. While he lived in Spain after his abdication of the throne, he still had Mechlinian beer transported regularly to Spain because "the blood of the grape bunch became him not as well as the daughter of the corn ear".)" 
    * "Charles Quint Golden Blond". Haacht Brewery. http://www.haacht.com/jsp/index.jsp?language=En&tmplt_folderid=154. Retrieved 18 July 2007. 
    * "Charles Quint Ruby Red". Haacht Brewery. http://www.haacht.com/jsp/index.jsp?language=En&tmplt_folderid=153. Retrieved 18 July 2007. 
    * "Beers by Het Anker (click on the beer names)". Brewery Het Anker. http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007.  Also an alternative name
    * "Places to visit — Mechelen - Brussels - Ghent". Einscafé (magazine, newsletter). The EINS (European Information Network Services) organisation. http://einscafe.eins.org/einscafe/brussels.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007. "The procession was last seen in 1988 but this year it is being brought forward by exception to mark Charles V Year. Mechelse Ommegang : 29 August, 3 and 10 September 2000 in Mechelen (...) one of nine cultural cities of Europe in the year 2000. Brussels more than merits this title during Charles V year." 

Bibliography

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Philip the Handsome		 Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg,
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1516–1554
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1516–1556
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Preceded by
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1543–1555
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